Clinicopathological features of clear cell hidradenoma in 23 cases / 中国基层医药

Objective:To investigate the clinicopathological features, immunophenotype and differential diagnosis of clear cell hidradenoma, and to analyze the origin of clear cell hidradenoma and the underlying mechanism.Methods:The clinical data of 23 cases of clear cell hidradenoma who underwent surgical resection in Suzhou Municipal Hospital between December 2017 and July 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. Clinical manifestation, imaging features, pathological features and prognosis of the 23 cases of clear cell hidradenoma were analyzed. Expression levels of epithelial membrane antigen, cytokeratin 20, cytokeratin 7, cytokeratin 14, carcinoembryonic antigen, and gross cystic disease fluid protein 15 were detected by immunohistochemical staining technique using the EnVision system. Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining was performed to visualize glycogen.Results:Among the 23 cases, 8 were male and 14 were female, aged 14-94 years, with a median age of 55 years. The first symptom of clear cell hidradenoma was epidermal bulgels in 18 cases.Contrast ultrasonography showed a subcutaneous cystic solid echo mass with abundant blood flow in the solid part. The tumor histologically consisted of two types of cells: secretory epithelial cells or glandular epithelial cells and clear cells. Twenty cases had tumors with the features of benign clear cell hidradenoma. Two cases had atypical clear cell hidradenoma with atypia and mitosis. One case had malignant clear cell hidradenoma. Tumor cells were positive for epithelial membrane antigen, cytokeratin 7, cytokeratin 14, carcinoembryonic antigen, and gross cystic disease fluid protein 15 and they were Periodic acid-Schiff-positive. Twenty-three patients were followed up for 2-36 months, of which 4 were lost to follow-up and the rest had no recurrence of clear cell hidradenoma.Conclusion:Clear cell hidradenoma is rare and has a good prognosis. Malignant clear cell hidradenoma is rarer and has a poor prognosis. Diagnosis of clear cell hidradenoma is mainly based on comprehensive analysis of pathological features and immunophenotypes. Clear cell hidradenoma should be differentiated from metastatic clear cell carcinoma, spiral adenoma, cortical adenoma, and malignant melanoma.

Clear Cell Adenocarcinoma Originated from Adenomyosis / 이화의대지

A 66-year-old postmenopausal woman received routine gynecologic check-up. Transvaginal ultrasonography and abdominal and pelvic computed tomography showed about 5-cm cystic mass in uterus with solid component and the patient had thin endometrium and the serum level of CA 125 was normal. We performed a total hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy and found tumor which had brownish cystic fluid and about 2 cm sized and colored in light yellowish, polypoid protruding solid mass, located within the myometrial wall. Histopathological examination of frozen section revealed malignancy. The tumor was confined within the myometrium and its histologic type was clear cell adenocarcinoma. Finally we identified that the myometrial mass was clear cell adenocarcinoma originated from adenomyosis pathologically. The malignant transformation of adenomyosis is very rare. When we find a cystic change with solid component in adenomyosis patients, clear cell adenocarcinoma should be suspected as a differential diagnosis and magnetic resonance imaging should be considered for further evaluation.

Survival outcomes of adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy in women with stage I serous papillary and clear cell carcinoma of the endometrium: a Korean multicenter study / 부인종양

OBJECTIVE: To compare the survival outcomes of adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy in women with uterine-confined endometrial cancer with uterine papillary serous carcinoma (UPSC) or clear cell carcinoma (CCC). METHODS: Medical records of 80 women who underwent surgical staging for endometrial cancer were retrospectively reviewed. Stage I UPSC and CCC were pathologically confirmed after surgery. Survival outcomes were compared between the adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy groups. RESULTS: Fifty-four (67.5%) and 26 (32.5%) women had UPSC and CCC, respectively. Adjuvant therapy was administered to 59/80 (73.8%) women (25 radiotherapy and 34 chemotherapy). High preoperative serum cancer antigen-125 level (25.1±20.2 vs. 11.5±6.5 IU/mL, p 0.999) and overall survival (77.5% vs. 87.8%, p=0.373) rates were similar between the groups. Neither radiotherapy (hazard ratio [HR]=1.810; 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.297–11.027; p=0.520) nor chemotherapy (HR=1.638; 95% CI=0.288–9.321; p=0.578) after surgery was independently associated with disease recurrence. CONCLUSION: Our findings showed similar survival outcomes for adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy in stage I UPSC and CCC of the endometrium. Further large study with analysis stratified by MI or LVSI is required.

Prognostic value of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in early-stage ovarian clear-cell carcinoma / 부인종양

OBJECTIVES: There is increasing evidence that systemic inflammatory response (SIR) markers are prognostic factors for various types of cancers. This is the first study to evaluate the usefulness of SIR markers for the prognosis of early-stage ovarian clear-cell carcinoma (OCCC). METHODS: We retrospectively investigated 83 patients diagnosed with stage I–II OCCC who underwent surgery between 2005 and 2017. Initially, receiver operating characteristic curve analysis for overall survival (OS) was used to determine optimal cut-off values for neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR). Patients were stratified into 2 groups by the cut-off values (NLR=3.26, PLR=160). Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to elucidate the significance of SIR markers as prognostic factors. RESULTS: In the median follow-up period of 64.1 months, 16 patients experienced recurrence, and nine patients died. The Kaplan-Meier curve showed that OS of the NLR-low group was significantly longer than the NLR-high group (p=0.021). There was no significant difference in progression-free survival between the 2 groups (p=0.668), but the post-recurrence survival of the NLR-low group was significantly longer than the NLR-high group (p=0.019). Furthermore, multivariate analysis showed that increase in NLR is a significant independent prognostic factor for poor prognosis (hazard ratio=7.437, p=0.017). There was no significant difference between PLR-low and PLR-high group. CONCLUSION: Results suggest that NLR can be a significant independent prognostic factor for early-stage OCCC.

Prognostic factors and effects of fertility-sparing surgery in women of reproductive age with ovarian clear-cell carcinoma: a propensity score analysis / 부인종양

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical characteristics of young patients with stage I clear-cell carcinoma (CCC) and evaluate the prognostic factors and effects of fertility-sparing surgery (FSS) using propensity score (PS) adjustment. METHODS: We conducted a regional multi-institutional study between 1986 and 2017. Among 4,277 patients with ovarian tumor, clinical and pathological data of 103 fertile women with stage I unilateral CCC were collected. We evaluated survival and reproductive outcomes in these patients. Additionally, to analyze the effects of FSS, baseline imbalance between patients with and those without FSS was adjusted with an inverse probability of treatment weighting using PSs involving independent clinical variables. RESULTS: The mean patient age was 39.4 years, and the median follow-up period for surviving patients was 55.6 months. In multivariate analysis, stage IC2/IC3 (vs. IA/IC1) was the only independent prognostic factor for recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS). FSS was not associated with poorer prognosis when compared to the prognosis with non-preserving surgery with regard to both RFS and OS. No statistical difference in survival outcomes between FSS and other approaches was confirmed after PS adjustment. Among patients who underwent FSS, four deliveries with healthy neonates were noted without any gestational complications. CONCLUSION: FSS can be considered in stage I CCC, specifically in stage IA and IC1 patients who strongly desire to have children in the future. Further clinical research is needed to clarify the optimal application of FSS for CCC.

Malignant transformation of abdominal wall endometriosis to clear cell carcinoma: case report

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Malignant transformation of endometriosis in the abdominal wall is a rare and still poorly understood event. Less than 30 cases have been reported in the worldwide literature. Most cases of solid tumors are report in a previous abdominal scar with malignant transformation of a focus of endometriosis. Presence of lymph node metastases in nearby chains is frequent and is associated with poor prognosis. CASE REPORT: We report a case of a 42-year-old woman with a history of abdominal surgery (Pfannenstiel) to resect abdominal wall endometriosis. Physical examination revealed a solid mass of approximately 10 cm x 6 cm in the anterior wall of the abdomen. Computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen and pelvis showed a heterogeneous, predominantly hypoattenuating expansive formation measuring 10.6 cm x 4.7 cm x 8.3 cm. The patient underwent exploratory incisional laparotomy, block resection of the abdominal mass and lymphadenectomy of the external and inguinal iliac chains. The abdominal wall was reconstructed using a semi-absorbable tissue-separating screen to reconstitute the defect caused by resection of the tumor. Histological evaluation revealed infiltration by malignant epithelioid neoplasia, thus confirming the immunohistochemical profile of adenocarcinoma with clear cell components. Lymphadenectomy showed metastatic involvement of an external iliac chain lymph node. CONCLUSION: Resection of the mass along with the abdominal wall, with wall margins, is the most effective treatment. Reconstruction is a challenge for surgeons. The patient has been followed up postoperatively for eight months, without any evidence of disease to date.

Outcomes of Non-High Grade Serous Carcinoma after Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy for Advanced-Stage Ovarian Cancer: Single-Institution Experience

PURPOSE: Outcomes in patients with ovarian high-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC) treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) have been widely studied; however, there is limited information on responses to chemotherapy among patients with non-HGSC. The aim of this study was to compare the survival outcomes of patients with advanced-stage non-HGSC and HGSC treated with NAC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was a retrospective analysis of patients with advanced-stage ovarian cancer treated at Yonsei Cancer Hospital between 2006 and 2017. The demographics, chemotherapy response, and survival rates were compared between patients with non-HGSC and those with HGSC. RESULTS: Among 220 patients who underwent NAC, 25 (11.4%) patients had non-HGSC histologic subtypes, and all received a taxane-platinum combination regimen for NAC. Patients with non-HGSC had lower baseline cancer antigen-125 levels (p < 0.001), poorer response rates (p < 0.001), lower rates of optimal cytoreduction (p=0.003), and poorer progression-free survival (PFS) (median PFS 10.3 months vs. 18.3 months; p=0.009) and overall survival (OS) (median OS 25.5 months vs. 60.6 months; p < 0.001), compared to those with HGSC. In multivariate analysis, non-HGSC was a negative prognostic factor for both PFS [hazard ratio (HR), 3.19; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.73–5.88] and OS (HR, 4.22; 95% CI, 2.07–8.58). CONCLUSION: In this study, poorer survival outcomes were observed in patients who underwent NAC for treatment of non-HGSC versus those treated for HGSC. Different treatment strategies are urgently required to improve survival outcomes for patients with non-HGSC undergoing NAC.

Carcinomas de ovário associados à endometriose: expressão de marcadores proteicos de terapia alvo e prognóstico / Endometriosis-associated ovarian carcinomas: expression of protein biomarkers associated to target therapies and prognosis

Resumo: Introdução: endometriose é uma doença benigna, capaz de progredir extensamente e gerar clones atípicos. Considerada precursora dos carcinomas de células claras (CCOC) e endometrióide (EOC) de ovário, atualmente chamados carcinomas de ovário associados à endometriose (EAOC). Objetivos: comparar o perfil epidemiológico, a associação com endometriose e a expressão de marcadores imuno-histoquímicos para ARID1A, VEGF, PD-L1 e PARP-1 em mulheres com CCOC e EOC, e sua correlação com a sobrevida livre de progressão (SLP) e sobrevida global (SG). Métodos: estudo de coorte reconstituída, com 50 casos incluídos de CCOC e EOC tratados no CAISM-UNICAMP entre 1995 até 2016, acompanhados até 02/2017. Microarranjos de tecido com amostras de CCOC, EOC e endometriose foram corados com anticorpos monoclonais contra ARID1A, e para os biomarcadores proteicos VEGF, PD-L1, PARP-1 através de imuno-histoquímica. A expressão de ARID1A foi classificada (0 a 100) conforme a porcentagem de células não coradas. A expressão de VEGF, PD-L1 e PARP-1 foi classificada (0 a 300) conforme a multiplicação da porcentagem de células coradas por um fator da intensidade de expressão (ausente=0; fraco=1; moderado=2; forte=3). Idade ao diagnóstico; menopausa; índice de massa corpórea (IMC); CA-125; diagnóstico de endometriose; datas do diagnóstico, da progressão, do óbito e da última consulta foram recuperados dos prontuários. Comparação entre grupos foi realizada através de testes T e de ?2. A SLP (diferença de tempo entre o diagnóstico e a data de progressão) e a SG (diferença de tempo entre o diagnóstico e o óbito ou data da última data de consulta) foi avaliada através de curvas de Kaplan-Meyer e teste de Log-Rank ou regressão de COX. Resultados: 23 mulheres com CCOC (46%), e 27 com EOC (54%) foram incluídas; 80% tinham endometriose associada, 42% eram nulíparas, 42% eram pré-menopausa e CA125 foi elevado em todos estádios (FIGO I-II= média 614.7Ui/mL; FIGO III-IV= media 2361.2Ui/mL). A média de idade ao diagnóstico foi 7 anos menor em mulheres com EOC do que naquelas com CCOC. O CCOC foi mais diagnosticado em estágios iniciais quando associado à endometriose (p=0,03). O prognóstico dos EOC e CCOC em estádios iniciais foi semelhante (p=0,96). Os CCOC não associado à endometriose tiveram menor SG (p=0,04). A expressão de todos os biomarcadores esteve presente nos EAOC e na endometriose. O aumento da expressão de VEGF entre endometriose e câncer foi significativo (p=0,0002). A hiperexpressão de PARP-1 correlacionou-se negativamente com a SLP (p=0,03) e SG (p=0,01) em estádios iniciais. Conclusão: Os CCOC e EOC são comumente diagnosticados em estádios iniciais (FIGO I-II= 68%) e estão frequentemente associados à endometriose (80% dos casos). Quando associados à endometriose, os CCOC foram mais diagnosticados em estádios iniciais e tiveram SG maior. Houve elevada porcentagem de células com ARID1A mutado nos EAOC (>40%). VEGF se expressou mais intensamente nos CCOC e EOC que na endometriose, já a expressão de PD-L1 e de PARP-1 foi similar. Apenas a hiperexpressão de PARP-1 reduziu significativamente a SLP e a SG nos CCOC e EOC nos estádios iniciais(AU)

Abstract: Introduction: Endometriosis is a benign disease, able to progress widely and generate atypical clones. It is a precursor of clear cell ovarian carcinomas (CCOC) and endometrioid ovarian carcinomas (EOCs), now called endometriosis-associated ovarian carcinomas (EAOC). Objectives: To compare the epidemiological profile, association with endometriosis and the expression of immunohistochemical markers for ARID1A, VEGF, PD-L1 and PARP-1 in women with CCOC and EOC, and its correlation with progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Methods: A reconstituted cohort study with 50 cases of CCOC and EOC included. Cases were treated at CAISM-UNICAMP between 1995 and 2016, followed up until 02/2017. Tissue microarrays with CCOC, EOC and endometriosis samples were stained with monoclonal antibodies against ARID1A, and for VEGF, PD-L1, PARP-1 biomarkers by immunohistochemistry. The expression of ARID1A was classified (0 to 100) according to the percentage of unstained cells. The expression of VEGF, PD-L1 and PARP-1 was classified (0 to 300) multiplying the percentage of stained cells by an intensity of expression factor (absent=0, weak=1, moderate=2, strong=3). Age at diagnosis; menopause; BMI (body mass index); CA-125 levels; diagnosis of endometriosis; date of diagnosis, date of progression, date of death and date of last consultation were retrieved from the medical records. Comparison between groups was performed through T and ?2 tests. The PFS (difference in time between diagnosis and progression date) and OS (difference in time between diagnosis and death or the last date of consultation) was assessed using Kaplan-Meyer curves and Log-Rank test or COX multivariate models. Results: twenty-three women with CCOC (46%), and 27 with EOC (54%) were included; 80% had associated endometriosis, 42% were nulliparous, 42% were premenopausal, and CA125 was elevated at all stages (FIGO I-II = mean 614.7Ui / mL; FIGO III-IV = mean 2361.2Ui / mL). The mean age at diagnosis was 7 years lower in women with EOC than in those with CCOC. CCOC when associated with endometriosis were more diagnosed at early stages (p=0.03). The prognosis of EOC and CCOC at early stages was similar (p=0.96). CCOCs not associated with endometriosis had shorter OS (p=0.04). Expression of all biomarkers was present in the EAOC and endometriosis. The increase in VEGF expression between endometriosis and cancer was significant (p=0.0002). The overexpression of PARP-1 correlated negatively with PFS (p=0.03) and OS (p=0.01) at FIGO I-II stages. Conclusion: The diagnosis of women with EOC was made earlier than in those with CCOC. CCOC and EOC are commonly diagnosed in early stages (FIGO I-II - 68%) and were associated with endometriosis (80% of cases). When associated with endometriosis, clear cell carcinomas are more likely diagnosed at early stages, and the association of endometriosis with CCOC improves OS. There was a high percentage of cells with mutated ARID1A gene in EAOC (> 40%). VEGF was expressed more intensely in CCOC and EOC than in endometriosis, whereas expression of PD-L1 and PARP-1 was similar. Only the overexpression of PARP-1 significantly reduced PFS and OS in CCOC and EOC at early stages(AU)

Ovarian clear cell borderline tumour: a clinicopathologic analysis / 中华病理学杂志

Objective@#To investigate the clinical and pathological characteristics and prognosis of ovarian clear cell borderline tumor.@*Methods@#A total of 12 cases of ovarian clear cell borderline tumors recorded were collected from May 2011 to December 2017 at Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University.Clinical histories were retrieved and pathological slides were reviewed.@*Results@#The age of the patients ranged from 35 to 65 years with a mean age of 52 years. Seven cases were associated with cystic endometriosis of the ovary. All tumors consisted of irregular and crowded glands or cysts embedded in a fibromatous stroma. The cysts and glands were lined by mild to moderate atypical cells.CK7 and HNF-1β were expressed in all cases, and Naspin A was expressed in 11 cases. ARID1A expression was absent in 5 cases and p53 showed wild-type expression. None of the cases developed recurrence during follow-up ranging from 7 to 79 months.@*Conclusions@#Ovarian clear cell borderline tumor may be associated with endometriosis and tumor suppressor gene ARIDA. The tumor has a good prognosis without recurrence and progression to carcinoma.

CT features of dear cell papillary renal cell carcinoma / 中国医师杂志

Objective To investigate the computed tomography (CT) features of clear cell papillary renal cell carcinoma (CCPRCC).Methods The CT features of 6 patients with CCPRCC were analyzed retrospectively.The size,location,growth pattern,shape,texture,calcification,necrosis,hemorrhage,CT value,enhancement form and enhancement degree of the tumor and perirenal lymph nodes were observed.Results All 6 cases of CCPRCC were solitary lesions,of which 3 were located in the left kidney and 3 in the right kidney.Maximum tumor diameter ranged from 1.5 cm to 4.0 cm.The tumor margin was well-defined in 4 cases and ill-defined in two cases.All tumors showed expansive growth without invasion.There were three cases of endophytic growth and three cases of exophytic growth.Regarding tumor composition,only one case was cystic and the other five cases were solid.No calcification,necrosis and hemorrhage occurred in all the tumors.The CT value of tumors in unenhanced phase ranged from 31.2 HU to 42.5 HU.During the enhanced CT scan,5 cases showed highly enhancement and 1 case showed moderate enhancement.The CT value of tumors in corticomedullary phase ranged from 75.1 HU to 150.1 HU.In nephrographic phase,the enhancement degree in 1 case continued to increase,but it decreased in the other 5 cases.The CT value ranged from 73.3 HU to 102.2 HU.The enhancement degree in all 6 cases decreased in excretory phase and the CT value ranged from 52.6 HU to 79.1 HU.In the aspect of tumor enhancement form,only one case showed homogeneous enhancement and the other five cases showed heterogeneous enhancement.In addition,the peripheral renal lymph nodes were not enlarged in all patients,and no tumor invasion or tumor thrombus formation occurred in the renal vein.Conclusions CCPRCC has a relatively specific CT features that are easily distinguished from papillary renal cell carcinoma or chromophobe renal cell carcinoma,but it is difficult to identify from early-stage clear cell renal cell carcinoma.

Prognostic value of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression in ovarian clear cell carcinoma / 부인종양

OBJECTIVE: Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) was expressed in various tumors and antibodies targeting its receptor programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) are emerging cancer therapeutics. This study was designed to evaluate the expression of PD-L1 and its correlation with clinicopathologic features and clinical outcomes in ovarian clear cell carcinoma (OCCC). METHODS: The PD-L1 expression was measured by tissue-microarray-based immunohistochemistry from 122 eligible patients diagnosed with OCCC. The associations of clinicopathologic features with progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were analyzed by Kaplan-Meier method and multivariate analysis was further performed by Cox regression model. RESULTS: Overall, high PD-L1 expression (PD-L1(high)) was observed in 44.7% (55/123) of OCCC patients, and was strongly associated with advanced stages (p=0.020), positive ascitic fluid (p=0.016), platinum-resistant (PR) disease (p=0.045), and recurrence (p=0.038). Moreover, patients with PD-L1(high) were associated with poorer OS (hazard ratio [HR]=2.877; p=0.001) and PFS (HR=1.843; p=0.021) than those with low PD-L1 expression (PD-L1(low)). In subgroup analysis, PD-L1(high) patients experienced a poorer PFS (HR=1.926; p=0.044) and OS (HR=2.492; p=0.021) than PD-L1(low) cases among advanced stages (III–IV), but this difference was not observed in stage I–II patients. Meanwhile, PD-L1(high) was associated with poorer prognosis than PD-L1(low) in PR patients (OS, HR=2.253; p=0.037; PFS, HR=1.448; p=0.233). Multivariate analysis revealed that PD-L1(high) and advanced stages (III–IV) were adverse independent prognosticators for both PFS (HR(PD-L1)=2.0; p(PD-L1)=0.038; HR(stage)=10.2; p(stage)<0.001) and OS (HR(PD-L1)=3.0; p(PD-L1)=0.011; HR(stage)=14.3; p(stage)<0.001). CONCLUSION: PD-L1(high) might serve as a risk factor for PFS and OS in patients with OCCC. It is possible that immunotherapy targeting PD-L1 pathway could be used in OCCC.

Inhibition of autophagy protein LC3A as a therapeutic target in ovarian clear cell carcinomas / 부인종양

OBJECTIVE: Ovarian clear cell carcinoma (CCC) is one of histological subtypes showing poor prognosis due to chemoresistance. The association of autophagy-related proteins and clinical implementation in CCC has not been determined. METHODS: The present study investigated whether expression of autophagy-related protein, light chain 3A (LC3A), was related with prognoses in the patients with CCC using immuno-histochemical stainings, and whether inhibition of autophagy modified the sensitivity to cisplatin in CCC cells in vitro. RESULTS: High expression of autophagy-related protein, LC3A, was detected in 78 cases (78%) in all CCC cases. The patients with high LC3A expression showed significantly lower response rate to primary chemotherapy (17% vs. 100%, p<0.010), and had worse progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) compared with those with LC3A low expression. Furthermore, multivariate analyses revealed that high expression of LC3A was identified as independent worse prognostic factors for PFS and OS. Inhibition of autophagy protein LC3A using hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) increased sensitivity to cisplatin in CCC cells in vitro. CONCLUSION: High expression of LC3A proteins was associated with lower response to platinum therapy, leading to worse prognoses in CCC. Although further studies are needed to confirm the results, inhibition of autophagy by HCQ was associated with platinum sensitivity. Autophagy protein LC3A could be a promising target for treatment for CCC.

Prognostic factors and treatment outcomes in surgically-staged non-invasive uterine clear cell carcinoma: a Turkish Gynecologic Oncology Group study / 부인종양

OBJECTIVE: To assess the prognosis of surgically-staged non-invasive uterine clear cell carcinoma (UCCC), and to determine the role of adjuvant therapy. METHODS: A multicenter, retrospective department database review was performed to identify patients with UCCC who underwent surgical treatment between 1997 and 2016 at 8 Gynecologic Oncology Centers. Demographic, clinicopathological, and survival data were collected. RESULTS: A total of 232 women with UCCC were identified. Of these, 53 (22.8%) had surgically-staged non-invasive UCCC. Twelve patients (22.6%) were upstaged at surgical assessment, including a 5.6% rate of lymphatic dissemination (3/53). Of those, 1 had stage IIIA, 1 had stage IIIC1, 1 had stage IIIC2, and 9 had stage IVB disease. Of the 9 women with stage IVB disease, 5 had isolated omental involvement indicating omentum as the most common metastatic site. UCCC limited only to the endometrium with no extra-uterine disease was confirmed in 41 women (73.3%) after surgical staging. Of those, 13 women (32%) were observed without adjuvant treatment whereas 28 patients (68%) underwent adjuvant therapy. The 5-year disease-free survival rates for patients with and without adjuvant treatment were 100.0% vs. 74.1%, respectively (p=0.060). CONCLUSION: Extra-uterine disease may occur in the absence of myometrial invasion (MMI), therefore comprehensive surgical staging including omentectomy should be the standard of care for women with UCCC regardless of the depth of MMI. Larger cohorts are needed in order to clarify the necessity of adjuvant treatment for women with UCCC truly confined to the endometrium.

Could fertility-sparing surgery be considered for women with early stage ovarian clear cell carcinoma? / 부인종양

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present retrospective population-based study was to investigate the oncologic impact of uterine and ovarian preservation (OP) in premenopausal women with stage IA or IC ovarian clear cell carcinoma (OCCC). METHODS: The National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database was accessed and a cohort of surgically-staged premenopausal women (age <50 years) diagnosed with unilateral stage IA or IC OCCC was drawn. Based on site-specific surgery codes, women who did not undergo hysterectomy and/or bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (BSO) were identified. Overall survival (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) rates were calculated following generation of Kaplan-Meier curves; comparisons were made with the log-rank test. Multivariate Cox analysis was performed to control for possible confounders. RESULTS: A total of 741 premenopausal women who met the inclusion criteria were identified. Based on available information, rate of uterine preservation was 14.5% (96/663) while the rate of OP was 28.1% (71/253). Five-year CSS rates were 90.8% for women who did not undergo hysterectomy compared with 87.7% for those who did (p=0.290). Similarly, 5-year CSS rates in the OP and BSO groups were 92.6% and 85%, respectively (p=0.060). After controlling for disease sub-stage (IA vs. IC), uterine or OP was not associated with a worse overall or cancer-specific mortality. CONCLUSION: In the present cohort, uterine and OP did not have a negative impact on oncologic outcomes. Selection criteria for fertility-sparing surgery (FSS) could be expanded to include women with stage IA OCCC.

Ovarian Clear Cell Carcinoma Sub-Typing by ARID1A Expression

PURPOSE: Loss of AT-rich DNA-interacting domain 1A (ARID1A) has been identified as a driving mutation of ovarian clear cell carcinoma (O-CCC), a triple-negative ovarian cancer that is intermediary between serous and endometrioid subtypes, in regards to molecular and clinical behaviors. However, about half of O-CCCs still express BAF250a, the protein encoded by ARID1A. Herein, we aimed to identify signatures of ARID1A-positive O-CCC in comparison with its ARID1A-negative counterpart. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventy cases of O-CCC were included in this study. Histologic grades and patterns of primary tumor, molecular marker immunohistochemistry profiles, and clinical outcomes were analyzed. RESULTS: Forty-eight (69%) O-CCCs did not express BAF250a, which were designated as "ARID1A-negative." The other 22 (31%) O-CCCs were designated as "ARID1A-positive." ARID1A-positive tumors were more likely to be histologically of high grades (41% vs. 10%, p=0.003), ERβ-positive (45% vs. 17%, p=0.011), and less likely to be HNF1β-positive (77% vs. 96%, p=0.016) and E-cadherin-positive (59% vs. 83%, p=0.028) than ARID1A-negative tumors. Patient age, parity, tumor stage were not significantly different in between the two groups. Cancer-specific survival was not significantly different either. CONCLUSION: We classified O-CCCs according to ARID1A expression status. ARID1A-positive O-CCCs exhibited distinct immunohistochemical features from ARID1A-negative tumors, suggesting a different underlying molecular event during carcinogenesis.

Skin metastases in ovarian clear cell adenocarcinoma: a case report and a review of the literature

Epithelial ovarian carcinoma is a high mortality neoplasm in gynecologic malignancy. It usually can metastasize to distant organs such as pleura, liver, lung, and lymph nodes. However, the skin metastases are not common and related to very poor prognosis. Here we report a 54-year-old patient with ovarian clear cell carcinoma with skin metastases on the anterior chest at 11 months after initial diagnosis. Although she received palliative chemotherapy, she expired due to disease progression 2 months later after the diagnosis of skin metastases.

Impact of biological function on ovarian clear cell carcinoma ES2 cell line with ARID1A gene expression down-regulating in vitro / 中华妇产科杂志

Objective To investigate the efficiency of biological function of AT rich interaction domain 1A (ARID1A) gene silenced by small interfering RNA (siRNA) on ovarian clear cell carcinoma ES2 cell line. Methods (1) The three pairs ARID1A gene siRNA interference fragments siN1 (ARID1A-705), siN2 (ARID1A-1513), siN3 (ARID1A-2282) and one pair negative control were respectively designed, and transfected into ES2 cells by RNA interference max reagent transiently. Reverse transcription (RT)-PCR and western blot methods were used to detect the expression of ARID1A mRNA and protein in ES2 cells transfected with interference fragments respectively. So as to select the best silencing effect of siRNA interference fragment(that was siN3),and then was used in the following experiment. (2) The following experiment were divided into three groups, namely siN3 transfection group, negative control group and blank control group. The proliferative activity of three groups of cells after transient transfection ( 6, 24, 48, 72, 96 hours) was assessed by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay and expressed as absorbance (A) value; the apoptosis rate of three groups of cells transfected transiently with interference fragment was measured by flow cytometry with annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) staining;the ability of cellular invasion of three groups of cells transfected transiently with interference fragment was tested by transwell experiment;the expression of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), membrane type-1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2) protein in ES2 cells transfected transiently with interference fragment was measured by western blot. Results (1) The RT-PCR results showed that the ARID1A mRNA relative expression levels in ES2 cells after transfected transiently with siN1, siN2 and siN3 were 0.007 8±0.005 7, 0.006 8±0.000 3 and 0.002 8±0.000 3 respectively. They were all apparently lower than that in the negative control group (0.034 6 ± 0.001 3;all P0.05). However, the proliferative activity of siN3 transfection group cells after transfected transiently at 24, 48, 72, 96 hours were higher than those in negative control group and blank control group (all P<0.01). The flow cytometry results showed that the apoptosis rate of siN3 transfection group cells was (20.0±3.9)%, which was significantly lower than those in negative control group and blank control group [(31.5 ± 5.0)%, (34.0 ± 4.2)%, respectively;all P<0.05]. The transwell experiment showed that the penetrated cell counts of siN3 transfection group was 60.4±2.9, which was apparently higher than those in negative control group and blank control group (54.2 ± 3.5, 52.1 ± 3.8, respectively; all P<0.01). Western blot experiment showed that the relative expression levels of NF-κB, MT1-MMP and MMP2 protein in siN3 transfection group were respectively 1.85 ± 0.16, 0.37 ± 0.08, 1.38 ± 0.11, which were apparently higher than those in negative control group (0.93±0.11, 0.17±0.05, 0.86±0.06;all P<0.05) and blank control group (0.94 ± 0.04, 0.15 ± 0.08, 0.85 ± 0.10, respectively; all P<0.01). Conclusions It would be to promote the cell doubling time, reduce cell apoptosis and increase the invasive capability in ES2 cells that ARID1A expression was down-regulating by ARID1A mRNA interference. The invasion mechanism may be related to the activation of NF-κB signal transduction pathway, up-regulation of MT1-MMP expression and then promoting the invasion of tumor cells via the up-regulation of MMP2 expression.

Clear cell carcinoma of the ovary: molecular insights and future therapeutic perspectives / 부인종양

Clear cell carcinoma (CCC) of the ovary is known to show poorer sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents and to be associated with a worse prognosis than the more common serous adenocarcinoma or endometrioid adenocarcinoma. To improve the survival of patients with ovarian CCC, the deeper understanding of the mechanism of CCC carcinogenesis as well as the efforts to develop novel treatment strategies in the setting of both front-line treatment and salvage treatment for recurrent disease are needed. In this presentation, we first summarize the mechanism responsible for carcinogenesis. Then, we highlight the promising therapeutic targets in ovarian CCC and provide information on the novel agents which inhibit these molecular targets. Moreover, we discuss on the cytotoxic anti-cancer agents that can be best combined with targeted agents in the treatment of ovarian CCC.

Clear Cell Adenocarcinoma Arising from Adenofibroma in a Patient with Endometriosis of the Ovary

Ovarian clear cell adenocarcinomas (CCACs) are frequently associated with endometriosis and, less often with clear cell adenofibromas (CCAFs). We encountered a case of ovarian CCAC arising from benign and borderline adenofibromas of the clear cell and endometrioid types with endometriosis in a 53-year-old woman. Regions of the adenofibromas showed transformation to CCAC and regions of the endometriosis showed atypical endometriotic cysts. This case demonstrates that CCAC can arise from CCAF or endometriosis.

CT and MRI Diagnosis of Ovarian Clear Cell Carcinoma / 中国医学影像学杂志

Purpose To retrospectively analyze and summarize the image features of rare ovarian clear cell carcinoma (OCCC), and to provide basis for clinical diagnosis. Materials and Methods CT and MRI features of 30 cases of OCCC confirmed by pathology were retrospectively analyzed. Sixteen of all the patients underwent pre- and post-contrast CT scan. And 14 patients underwent pre- and post-contrast MRI scans. Results ① CT features: unilateral mass was revealed in 15 cases and bilateral mass was in 1 case. The maximum diameter of the mass ranged from 8 to 23.7 cm, mean (12.86±3.96) cm. One mass was irregular, 4 masses revealed incomplete capsule, and 4 masses had septa in the mass. CT value of cystic part of the mass was 20-30 HU, and which of solid part was 28-53 HU. On post-contrast CT images, the septa and solid component of the mass showed marked enhancement and delay enhancement, while the cystic component showed no enhancement. ② MRI features: Unilateral mass was revealed in 13 cases and bilateral mass was in 1 case. The maximum diameter of the mass ranged from 9.2 to 30.0 cm, mean (14.03±4.72) cm. One mass was irregular, 2 masses revealed incomplete capsule, and 2 masses had septa in the mass. The cystic component showed heterogenous signal intensity on T1WI, and high signal intensity on T2WI. There was no enhancement on post-contrast images. The solid component showed iso-intensity on T1WI, high signal intensity on T2WI, and diffused restricted on diffusion-weighted images. There was markedly enhancement on post-contrast images. ③ Blood supply of the tumor: In 8 cases, the branch of enlarged ipsilateral ovarian artery fed the tumors. In other 16 cases, the masses were surrounded by enlarged ipsilateral ovarian vein. Conclusion The characteristic CT and MRI features of OCCC include: a cystic solid mass with complete capsule; the solid component projects into the cavity, which could be hypervascular and marked enhanced.